How Many EBO2 (EBOO) Sessions Do You Need? What Clinics Recommend and What Studies Used

A desk calendar with a blank grid and a few round paper markers, beside a pencil

EBO2 (also called EBOO) has no agreed course length. Clinics publish their own numbers, and the handful of published EBOO studies used schedules of their own without testing one number against another. This guide puts the two side by side so a reader can tell a clinic’s scheduling habit from a research result. For what happens in a single session, see what to expect; for the procedure itself, the pillar guide.

The short answer: as of October 4, 2026, 69 of the 174 clinics whose EBO2 pages we could read state a recommended course, and 48 of them give a number of sessions. The numbers run from 1 to 15; the median of the smallest number each clinic names is 3, and of the largest is 6 [17]. None of the EBOO studies in our research library compared one number of sessions with another, so none of those numbers rests on a dose-finding result. A clinic’s recommended course is its own advice, not a finding.

What do clinics recommend?

The 48 clinics that give a number usually give a range, such as “3 to 6 sessions.” As of October 4, 2026, the smallest and largest numbers they name fall like this [17]:

Sessions named Clinics naming it as the smallest number Clinics naming it as the largest number
1 2 0
2 1 0
3 30 10
4 10 6
5 3 3
6 0 14
8 1 2
10 0 7
12 1 1
15 0 1

Three is the usual start: 30 of the 48 begin there, and 9 give exactly “3 to 6.” Thirty-three of the 48 name 6 or fewer as their largest number, and 9 name 10 or more [17]. The other 21 clinics that state a course give only a rhythm, such as weekly sessions for a month, with no count. The 69 listings come from 61 websites, because some clinics list more than one location with the same wording.

The common starting number matches the most common package. As of October 4, 2026, 16 of the 17 clinics that publish a package price sell a 3-session package [17]. That does not show which came first, but it is a reason to ask how a recommended number was chosen.

Many clinics tie the number to a reason. As of October 4, 2026, 28 of the 69 that state a course tie the number or the rhythm to a condition or to how severe a case is, 14 of them using the word “chronic,” and 5 tie it to general wellness or longevity goals [17]. A recommendation tied to a condition is still the clinic’s advice: our guide to what the research shows covers what is known about EBOO for any condition.

A few clinics describe a step before the first full session. As of October 4, 2026, 3 of the 174 readable clinics say so in what they list as intake: a session of IV ozone or of UV blood irradiation first, to check tolerance, or a separate visit to assess veins [17].

How do clinics word the rhythm?

As of October 4, 2026, the 69 course statements word the spacing and any follow-up this way. A statement can say more than one of these [17]:

What the course statement says Clinics
About a week apart: “weekly,” “once a week,” “one week apart,” “seven to ten days apart” 31
One to two weeks apart 8
Twice a week, offered as an option 2
Monthly, or a range that reaches monthly (“weekly to monthly”) 6
A limit rather than a plan: “up to once per week,” “as often as once a week” 3
Maintenance sessions after the first course: monthly, quarterly, or every 3 to 4 months 13
The whole course repeated on a schedule: twice a year, or every 3 to 4 months 5
A review point: how a patient feels after the first sessions decides how many more 2

Two patterns stand out. Weekly spacing dominates, and few statements build in a point where the clinic reviews whether to continue (2 of the 69) [17]. Maintenance and repeat courses turn a first course into an open-ended schedule, which matters for cost (see below). How long each session runs is a separate question: the session-length figures at the end of this page show what clinics state.

What did the EBOO studies use?

Our research library holds six papers on EBOO as given to people. The developers’ 2007 test of a gas-exchange device in the laboratory (Bocci et al., 2007) [19] is filed with the background science. The course details of the six, exactly as our study cards record them from each paper, are below; each title links to the card.

Study Design and size, as the paper reports them Course as reported Session length Blood treated per session
Di Paolo et al., 2000 [3] Preliminary report of EBOO used in man; total number of patients not given Six treatments for the volunteer author; not stated for the patients Not reported Not reported
Di Paolo et al., 2002 [18] Case report of one dialysis patient with necrotizing fasciitis Not stated in the abstract Not reported Not reported
Di Paolo et al., 2005, trial [1] Randomized controlled trial of 28 patients with peripheral artery disease, EBOO against intravenous prostacyclin 210 EBOO treatments in total; the per-patient schedule is not stated in the abstract Not reported Not reported
Di Paolo et al., 2005, review [4] Review by the technique’s developers “14 treatment sessions of 1 h” over 7 weeks, called the standard therapeutic cycle 1 hour Up to 4,800 ml of heparinized blood in 1 hour
Rowen et al., 2023 [14] Case series of ozone dialysis, which the paper says is commonly referred to as EBOO; 85 measurements in 12 patients during routine treatment Not reported Exactly 1 hour Not reported; pump speeds of 30 to 40 mL a minute
Bennett et al., 2025 [2] Case report of one patient Two series of three sequential EBOO treatments, with tests at baseline, day 70, and day 131 Not reported Around 2 liters per treatment, “as per clinic protocol”

The same review reports “more than 1200 treatments performed in 82 patients” [4], an average of at least 14 per patient, in line with the 14-session cycle it calls standard. That is the developers’ own convention. The review does not describe a trial of 14 sessions against fewer or more, and it is a review read from its abstract, with no controlled outcome data in that abstract [4].

The limits of the other five matter for anything drawn from them. The 2000 report is an uncontrolled preliminary series by the device’s inventors, including self-experimentation, and does not give its total sample size [3]. The 2002 report concerns one patient, by the same group, with no control and no long-term follow-up reported [18]. The 2005 trial is small, from a single center, and its abstract does not describe how patients were randomized or whether outcome assessment was blinded; we could read only the abstract [1]. The 2023 series measured how much ozone blood took up during routine treatment and reports no course or outcomes [14]. The 2025 case report concerns one patient and cannot separate any effect of EBOO from changes in her exposures between tests [2]. None compared course lengths.

What did studies of other ozone blood treatments use?

The wider ozone literature uses different procedures, mostly major autohemotherapy (a single bag of blood mixed with ozone and returned) and its “10-pass” variant. Their schedules are not evidence about EBOO, but they show how researchers have set courses when they did state them. As our cards record them:

Study Procedure and size Course as reported Session length
Borrelli et al., 2012 [5] Major ozonated autohemotherapy; randomized trial, 70 treated and 70 controls Twice weekly for the first 7 weeks, twice monthly for 3 more months, then monthly until month 12 About 40 minutes
Tylicki et al., 2004 [6] Ozonated autohemotherapy; single-blind crossover in 12 dialysis patients Nine oxygen-only control sessions, then nine ozonated sessions Not reported
Shen et al., 2022 [7] Ozonated autohemotherapy; randomized, 53 treated and 50 controls completing follow-up Three times a week for 3 weeks Not reported
Izadi et al., 2020 [8] Ozone autohemotherapy; 20 patients, described by its authors as non-controlled Twice per week for 6 months Not reported
Tahmasebi et al., 2021 [9] Ozone autohemotherapy; 20 patients, before-and-after Twice weekly for 6 months Not reported
Tirelli et al., 2021 [10] Oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy; 100 patients, no comparison group Usually 2 to 3 treatments a week for 2 to 3 weeks Not reported
Kuculmez, 2026 [11] Major ozone autohemotherapy; 40 patients, retrospective chart review 10 sessions, 2 to 3 times a week Reinfusion within 15 minutes
König et al., 2022 [12] 10-pass high-dose ozone therapy; 6 patients 2 applications over 1 week About 1 hour for 10 passes
Valdenassi et al., 2022 [13] Oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy; case report of one patient One session a week, “for a total of six discontinued weeks into two routes, with 10 days lag” Not reported

Of the 8 rows that state how often sessions were given, 7 used two or more a week; only the single case report used one a week. EBOO’s developers also used about two a week (14 in 7 weeks) [4]. Clinics mostly describe one a week. No row in either table tested one schedule against another, and most are small or uncontrolled; each card lists that study’s limits. The Italian Scientific Society of Oxygen-Ozone Therapy’s 2025 recommendations say the field’s “widespread adoption is hindered by inconsistent protocols and a lack of standardized guidelines” [15], which fits what the tables show.

Single session or a series: what each can show

A single session can show how a person tolerates the procedure: the two IV lines, the time in the chair, and how they feel over the next day. What one session cannot show is whether more sessions would change anything, because no study in our library compared outcomes after one session with outcomes after several. A few clinics say some of their patients have a single session [17], and most recommend a series from the start. Neither approach rests on a comparison. A clinic that will not sell a single session, or that recommends a package at the first contact, is making a choice it can explain if asked.

What a course costs

Course length drives cost more than any other choice. As of October 4, 2026, the median published single-session price was $1,500, from 40 of the 174 clinics whose EBO2 pages we could read [17]. At that price, a course of 3 to 6 sessions, the medians of the smallest and largest numbers clinics name, comes to $4,500 to $9,000 by our arithmetic, and the developers’ 14-session cycle would come to $21,000, before any package discount, consultation fee, labs, add-ons, or travel. Monthly maintenance at the same price adds $18,000 a year. Those are arithmetic on medians, not quotes; the cost guide shows what clinics charge and what their prices leave out, and the session cost planner totals a course from a real quote.

Packages change the arithmetic only for the buyer who finishes them: in every package clinics published, the package cost more than paying the single price for one fewer session [17].

  1. Where does this number come from: the clinic’s own experience, a published study, or a written protocol?
  2. What would lead the clinic to recommend stopping, continuing, or changing the course?
  3. Is there a planned review after the first sessions, and who makes that decision?
  4. Is a single session available before any package is bought?
  5. How was the spacing between sessions chosen?
  6. Does the plan include maintenance sessions or a repeat course, and what would those cost in a year?
  7. What happens to prepaid sessions if the course stops early?

Ozone therapy is not FDA-approved for any condition, and federal device rules describe ozone as a toxic gas with no known useful medical application [16], so there is no FDA-approved labeling that sets a course length for EBO2. Our guide to choosing a clinic covers the questions that are not about the schedule, and the clinic directory shows what each listed clinic states about its own course.

What we could not verify

  • Whether any number of sessions is better than another. No study in our library compared course lengths for EBOO or for the other ozone blood treatments listed here.
  • How clinics chose their numbers. The course statements we collected give a number or a rhythm, and sometimes a condition. One clinic’s page, shared by two listings, says its number is what research shows, without naming a study; no study in our library compared course lengths.
  • The 2005 trial’s per-patient schedule. The abstract gives only the total of 210 treatments, and we could not read the full paper [1].
  • Whether the developers’ cycle carries over. The 14-session cycle was described for the developers’ apparatus and their patients in Italy [4]; today’s US clinics use other machines and their own protocols.
  • Maintenance. None of the studies in our library tested maintenance sessions against stopping.
  • What clinics say in person. We read what clinics publish; the course a clinic proposes at a consultation may differ.

How this guide was made

This guide rests on 19 sources: 17 peer-reviewed papers, each linked to its card in our research library; one federal regulation; and our own clinic dataset, which anyone can download. Study figures are copied from the study cards, which quote each paper, and are not converted or combined. Every clinic figure marked “As of October 4, 2026” was computed by a script from the dataset: 177 directory listings from 152 websites, all read between September 28, 2026 and October 4, 2026, of which 174 had EBO2 pages we could read with confidence. The rhythm and reason categories were assigned by reading each clinic’s course statement. The figures in this guide and under “From our data” are computed from the same records whenever the site is built. Drafting used AI tools. A human editor has not yet checked this guide claim by claim against its sources, and no clinical reviewer has signed off yet.

From our data

How long clinics say a session takes

Of 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read, 101 state how long a session takes. The stated lengths run from 25 minutes to 120 minutes, and the median is about 75 minutes (taking the midpoint where a clinic gives a range).

  • Under 60 minutes 27 of 101 clinics, 27%
  • 60 to 89 minutes 65 of 101 clinics, 64%
  • 90 to 119 minutes 9 of 101 clinics, 9%
  • 2 hours or more 0 of 101 clinics, 0%

Lengths are what clinics write on their own pages and may include preparation and rest. What else clinics state. Read between September 28, 2026 and October 4, 2026.

How many sessions clinics recommend and sell

Of 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read, 69 state a recommended course and 17 publish a package price.

Of the 69 that state a course, 48 give a number of sessions, from 1 to 15. The median of the smallest number each clinic names is 3, and of the largest is 6.

The package sizes are 3 sessions (16 clinics), 5 sessions (4 clinics) and 4 sessions (1 clinic).

  • 3-session package 16 of 17 clinics, 94%
  • 5-session package 4 of 17 clinics, 24%
  • 4-session package 1 of 17 clinics, 6%

A clinic's recommended course is its own advice, not a finding from a study. Read between September 28, 2026 and October 4, 2026.

Frequently asked questions

How many EBO2 sessions do clinics recommend?

As of October 4, 2026, 69 of the 174 clinics whose EBO2 pages we could read stated a recommended course, and 48 of them gave a number. The numbers ran from 1 to 15 sessions; the median of the smallest number each clinic named was 3, and of the largest was 6. Three was the most common starting number (30 of the 48), and 3 to 6 was the most common range. These are clinics' own recommendations, not results from a study.

Is one EBO2 session enough?

No study in our research library compared one EBOO session with several, so there is no research answer. A few clinics say some patients have a single session, and most recommend a series. One session can show how a person tolerates the procedure, including the two IV lines and how they feel afterward; it cannot show whether more sessions would make a difference.

How far apart are EBO2 sessions?

Of the 69 clinics that stated a course as of October 4, 2026, 31 described sessions about a week apart, 8 said one to two weeks apart, 2 offered twice a week as an option, and 6 described monthly sessions or a range that reaches monthly. The developers' published cycle was 14 sessions in 7 weeks, about two a week.

Do clinics recommend maintenance sessions after the first course?

Some do. As of October 4, 2026, 13 of the 69 clinics that stated a course described maintenance sessions after the first course, monthly, quarterly, or every 3 to 4 months, and 5 described repeating the whole course on a schedule, such as twice a year. None of the studies in our research library tested maintenance sessions against stopping.

Why do clinics recommend fewer sessions than the studies used?

Nearly all clinic course statements give no reason for their number; one clinic, on two listings, says its 3 or 4 sessions are what research shows, without naming a study. The developers' standard cycle was 14 sessions, and their review reports more than 1,200 treatments in 82 patients. Clinic courses cluster at 3 to 6 sessions. Nothing we read explains the gap.

Should I buy a package of sessions up front?

That is a money question, and the arithmetic is clear: in every package clinics published as of October 4, 2026, the package cost more than paying the single price for one fewer session, so a package saves money only if every session is used. Our cost guide and session cost planner show the math.

Sources

  1. Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO): a controlled trial in patients with peripheral artery disease. International Journal of Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2005. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO): a controlled trial in patients with peripheral artery disease
  2. Observed Reduction in Urinary Toxin Excretion With Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation and Ozonation (EBOO) Treatment in an 88-Year-Old With Chronic Anemia: A Case Report. Cureus (PubMed), 2025. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Observed Reduction in Urinary Toxin Excretion With Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation and Ozonation (EBOO) Treatment in an 88-Year-Old With Chronic Anemia: A Case Report
  3. Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO) in man. Preliminary report. International Journal of Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2000. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO) in man. Preliminary report
  4. Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation: clinical and biological implications of ozone therapy. Redox Report (PubMed), 2005. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation: clinical and biological implications of ozone therapy
  5. Effects of major ozonated autohemotherapy in the treatment of dry age related macular degeneration: a randomized controlled clinical study. International Journal of Ophthalmology (PubMed), 2012. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Effects of major ozonated autohemotherapy in the treatment of dry age related macular degeneration: a randomized controlled clinical study
  6. No effects of ozonated autohemotherapy on inflammation response in hemodialyzed patients. Mediators of Inflammation (PubMed), 2004. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: No effects of ozonated autohemotherapy on inflammation response in hemodialyzed patients
  7. Combining Ozonated Autohemotherapy with Pharmacological Therapy for Comorbid Insomnia and Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study. Pain Research & Management (PubMed), 2022. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Combining Ozonated Autohemotherapy with Pharmacological Therapy for Comorbid Insomnia and Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Prospective Randomized Controlled Study
  8. Changes in Th17 cells frequency and function after ozone therapy used to treat multiple sclerosis patients. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders (PubMed), 2020. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Changes in Th17 cells frequency and function after ozone therapy used to treat multiple sclerosis patients
  9. The effects of oxygen-ozone therapy on regulatory T-cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients. Cell Biology International (PubMed), 2021. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: The effects of oxygen-ozone therapy on regulatory T-cell responses in multiple sclerosis patients
  10. Fatigue in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV2 (PASC) treated with oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy, preliminary results on 100 patients. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences (PubMed), 2021. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Fatigue in post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV2 (PASC) treated with oxygen-ozone autohemotherapy, preliminary results on 100 patients
  11. Efficacy of major ozone autohemotherapy in patients with post-COVID syndrome. Frontiers in Medicine (PubMed), 2026. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Efficacy of major ozone autohemotherapy in patients with post-COVID syndrome
  12. Ozone high dose therapy (OHT) improves mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Translational Medicine Communications (PubMed), 2022. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Ozone high dose therapy (OHT) improves mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
  13. Sjögren syndrome successfully treated with oxygen-ozone auto-hemotherapy (O2-O3-AHT). A case report. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences (PubMed), 2022. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Sjögren syndrome successfully treated with oxygen-ozone auto-hemotherapy (O2-O3-AHT). A case report
  14. Ozone dialysis delivers three or more times the ozone than other forms of ozone blood treatment. Medical Gas Research (PubMed), 2023. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Ozone dialysis delivers three or more times the ozone than other forms of ozone blood treatment
  15. SIOOT recommendations for the optimal application of the oxygen-ozone therapy in clinical medicine. International Immunopharmacology (PubMed), 2025. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: SIOOT recommendations for the optimal application of the oxygen-ozone therapy in clinical medicine
  16. 21 CFR 801.415 Maximum acceptable level of ozone. eCFR (FDA), 2026. Regulatory
  17. EBO2 clinic dataset and the clinic pages it lists, read between September 28, 2026 and October 4, 2026. EBO2.com, 2026. Other
  18. Necrotizing fasciitis successfully treated with extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonization (EBOO). International Journal of Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2002. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Necrotizing fasciitis successfully treated with extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonization (EBOO)
  19. Oxygenation-ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation: in vitro efficiency of a new gas exchange device. Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2007. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study: Oxygenation-ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation: in vitro efficiency of a new gas exchange device