Question 1

What does EBOO stand for?

Accepted Answer

Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation: blood is exposed to oxygen and ozone outside the body and then returned. It is pumped from a vein in one arm through a device where it meets an oxygen and ozone gas mixture, then back into a vein in the other arm, continuously, for about an hour. The Siena group that built the method used a purpose-built gas exchanger; as of October 4, 2026, 31 of the 174 clinic pages we could read say their circuit uses a dialysis filter, dialyzer, or dialysis membrane instead. Clinics also sell the procedure as EBO2.

Question 2

Where and when was EBOO developed?

Accepted Answer

In Siena, Italy, by a hospital nephrology and physiology group. It started circulating blood through an ozone circuit in 1990, described its method in 1999, published its first patient report in 2000, and ran the method's only randomized trial in 2005. How EBOO reached US clinics is not documented: the earliest dated sign of its equipment in the US that we found is an FDA finding that a Michigan firm distributed EBOO devices to practitioners from January 2022. In the same years Italy's Superior Health Council said, in 2003, that no controlled studies supported oxygen-ozone therapy, and Tuscany, the region around Siena, later said the therapy belongs in controlled trials apart from a doctor acting on his or her own responsibility.

Question 3

What is the theory behind putting ozone in blood?

Accepted Answer

That a small, measured dose of ozone, a strong oxidant, acts as a controlled stress that prompts the body's own antioxidant defenses to respond. A 2009 review led by Velio Bocci, a physiologist in the Siena group that developed EBOO, describes a calibrated dose as reactivating the blood's antioxidant system. Biologists call this kind of response hormesis and usually illustrate it with exercise or calorie restriction. The Siena group measured a four- to fivefold rise in a blood marker of lipid oxidation after a session, but no study we found has linked that response to a health outcome in patients, and a plausible mechanism is a reason to run a trial, not a result from one. The FDA's device rule calls ozone a toxic gas with no known useful medical application.

Question 4

How is EBO2 different from ozone injections?

Accepted Answer

An ozone injection puts the gas itself into a joint, a spinal disc, a muscle, or the skin through a needle. EBO2 does not inject gas: blood is pumped out of one arm, exposed to oxygen and ozone across a membrane outside the body, and returned through the other arm. The research record differs too. Many of the larger ozone trials in our library tested injections, and most of the serious case reports we found, such as strokes, vision loss, and spine infections, followed injections into or beside the spine. Injecting ozone gas straight into a vein is a third practice, which the field's own consensus document lists among routes not recommended because they are not safe.

Question 5

Does EBO2 do the same job as kidney dialysis?

Accepted Answer

No. Hemodialysis runs blood past a membrane with dialysis solution on the other side, which carries wastes and fluid away; in a dialysis center a session takes about four hours, usually three times a week. EBOO puts oxygen and ozone gas on the other side of the membrane instead, for about an hour, to get ozone into the blood. Some US clinics do use a dialysis filter as that membrane: as of October 4, 2026, 31 of the 174 clinic pages we could read say so, and 14 call the procedure ozone dialysis or say it goes by that name. EBOO's developers rejected dialysis membranes for ozone and in 2010 warned that dialysis filters used this way may release toxic compounds. No study we found has tested EBOO as a substitute for dialysis.

Question 6

Is EBO2 the same as 10-pass ozone or major autohemotherapy?

Accepted Answer

No, though all three expose blood to ozone outside the body. Major autohemotherapy mixes one batch of about 100 to 225 mL of blood with ozone in a bottle or bag and returns it. 10-pass draws 200 mL into a pressurized flask, ozonates it, and returns it, ten times in about an hour, about 2 liters in all. EBO2 pumps blood continuously through a gas exchanger or dialysis filter for about an hour; the pump speeds in a 2023 US paper, 30 to 40 mL a minute, come to 1.8 to 2.4 liters an hour by our arithmetic. The claim on some clinic pages that EBOO delivers three or more times the ozone of 10-pass divides a figure calculated from gas measurements by a theoretical maximum for 10-pass. No trial has compared these methods on patient outcomes.

Question 7

How is EBO2 different from plasmapheresis?

Accepted Answer

Plasmapheresis, or therapeutic plasma exchange, takes something out: according to a patient fact sheet published by the American Society for Apheresis, a machine separates the patient's plasma, removes it, and replaces it, most often with 5% human albumin, over about 2 hours with citrate to stop clotting. EBO2 returns the same whole blood after exposing it to oxygen and ozone, typically for about an hour with heparin, and we found no study that measured anything it takes out. Apheresis has a professional body that rates its evidence condition by condition: the American Society for Apheresis's 2026 guidelines hold 93 fact sheets with 183 graded indications. Nothing comparable exists for EBO2, whose controlled evidence is one 28-patient trial.

Question 8

How is EBO2 different from hyperbaric oxygen therapy?

Accepted Answer

In hyperbaric oxygen therapy the whole person breathes concentrated oxygen inside a pressurized chamber, and no blood leaves the body. EBO2 runs blood through an external circuit where it meets oxygen and ozone gas. Their regulatory standing differs as well: the FDA clears hyperbaric chambers as Class II devices through the 510(k) process, and Medicare's national coverage determination lists 15 conditions it pays for, while we found no FDA approval or clearance for any EBOO system. As of October 4, 2026, 44 of the 177 clinics in our directory list hyperbaric oxygen alongside EBO2. The word hyperbaric in hyperbaric ozone, or 10-pass, refers only to pressure inside a flask of blood.

Question 9

What is "full spectrum" EBOO, or EBO2 with a light device?

Accepted Answer

Usually EBOO with a light step added to the blood circuit, such as an ultraviolet or multi-wavelength light unit. As of October 4, 2026, 15 of the 174 clinic pages we could read use "full spectrum" for a light step, a device, or a protocol, and 7 of the 21 pages that name a device name the same branded light unit. At the 3 clinics that price a light step on its own, it costs $90 to $300 more per session. We found no FDA record under the light-unit names clinics give, though no match does not show that a device is unregistered or uncleared under some other name. In July 2025 the FDA found two devices that expose blood to ozone and ultraviolet light adulterated for lack of premarket approval. Asking what the name adds to plain EBOO, and what the plain version costs, separates the parts.

Question 10

Where is EBO2 offered?

Accepted Answer

In the United States, at outpatient clinics, often described as integrative or wellness practices, that sell it as an elective, self-pay service. As of October 4, 2026, our directory lists 177 US clinics in 43 states, from 152 websites, and 109 of them list at least one other service, most often IV nutrient therapy (81 listings). We do not count clinics outside the US. The method began in a hospital nephrology department in Siena, Italy, but Italy's health bodies have said oxygen-ozone therapy belongs in controlled trials, apart from a doctor acting on his or her own responsibility, and no regulator whose documents we hold has approved EBOO.

Question 11

What happens to blood during an EBO2 session?

Accepted Answer

It is pumped out of a vein in one arm, mixed with an anticoagulant so it does not clot in the tubing, run past a membrane carrying an oxygen and ozone gas mixture, and returned to a vein in the other arm, continuously, for about an hour. In a 2023 US paper the pump ran at 30 to 40 mL a minute with a heparin drip, and the ozone generator was set at 10 to 60 micrograms per milliliter, mostly 30 to 40; the Siena group's 2005 review gives 0.5 to 1. The spent gas went through a unit that destroys ozone before it reaches room air. As of October 4, 2026, only 7 of the 174 clinic pages we could read state an ozone concentration.

Question 12

How much blood is processed?

Accepted Answer

Roughly 2 to 5 liters a session, depending on the source. The developers in Siena reported treating as much as 4.8 liters in an hour, while a 2023 US paper's pump speeds of 30 to 40 mL a minute come, by our arithmetic, to 1.8 to 2.4 liters in its one-hour sessions. Clinic figures spread wider: as of October 4, 2026, 53 of the 174 clinic pages we could read state a volume, from 1 to 7 liters, with 37 giving an upper figure of 3 liters or less and 13 giving 5 liters or more. Volume is not dose: one clinic that offers the procedure calls volume pitches a marketing gimmick and says ozone dose is measured in micrograms per milliliter.

Question 13

What does the filter in an EBO2 circuit do?

Accepted Answer

It is where blood meets the ozone: blood flows along one side of a bundle of hollow fibers while oxygen and ozone gas flows along the other. The Siena developers built an ozone-resistant gas exchanger for this and rejected dialysis membranes as unsuitable. Some US circuits use a hemodialysis filter instead, as a 2023 US paper and an FDA warning letter record, and in 2010 the developers warned that dialysis filters exposed to ozone may release toxic compounds. Dialysis clears wastes into dialysis solution; an EBOO circuit carries gas on that side of the membrane. No published study we found has measured what an EBOO circuit removes from a patient's blood.

Question 14

What is in the filter afterward?

Accepted Answer

No one has published a laboratory analysis of it. Fluid that crosses the membrane can drain into a canister, which a 2023 US paper describes as holding 2 liters, but no study we found reports its volume or contents. Clinic descriptions vary: one shows its canister holding clear fluid and foam, and another says the contents differ between patients and sessions. The developers saw their own gas exchanger clog with blood cells, a reminder that color, foam, or volume cannot show what was removed without a laboratory. As of October 4, 2026, 14 of the 174 clinic pages we could read say the circuit, filter, or tubing is single-use.

Question 15

Does EBO2 hurt?

Accepted Answer

The papers do not describe how it feels. It needs a needle line in each arm for about an hour; one 2023 US group used 20-gauge catheters and kept to that size to protect veins over repeated sessions. Clinic pages describe mild, short-lived effects: as of October 4, 2026, of the 174 we could read, 28 mention tiredness afterward and 10 mention bruising or tenderness where the lines went in, and one lists chills during the session among the effects patients most often report. We found no clinic page or paper that describes sedation.

Question 16

What happens at the consultation before a first EBO2 session?

Accepted Answer

Usually a consultation or screening for conditions a clinic counts as reasons not to proceed, sometimes with a review of health history or lab tests. As of October 4, 2026, 132 of the 174 clinic pages we could read describe a step before a first session. In the intake statement we recorded for each, 120 describe a consultation, evaluation, or screening, 45 a review of health history, 35 lab work or other testing, and 9 medications. Anywhere on the pages we saved, 18 describe a G6PD test before the first session, 9 name the same three tests (a blood count, a metabolic panel, and G6PD), and 10 of the 174 list a fee for a consultation, evaluation, or first visit, from $50 to $600.

Question 17

Can I eat before a session?

Accepted Answer

Yes, according to the clinic pages that mention food; the papers do not address it. As of October 4, 2026, 35 of the 174 clinic pages we could read ask patients to eat beforehand, typically a light meal an hour or two ahead, and several give steady blood sugar as the reason. Preparation advice also covers water and alcohol: 42 ask patients to arrive hydrated, which clinics link to easier placement of the lines, and 12 ask them to avoid alcohol. No study has tested any of this; the published papers give no preparation advice, and clinics' instructions differ.

Question 18

How soon can I exercise after?

Accepted Answer

Few clinic pages address exercise, and no study has tested it. As of October 4, 2026, of the 174 clinic pages we could read, 25 say normal activities can resume the same day or that there is no downtime, and 7 advise against strenuous exercise for the rest of the day. Twenty-eight mention tiredness afterward, and 16 say to keep drinking water. The published papers say almost nothing about aftercare, and clinics' advice differs; what a clinic advises after a first session, and whom to call if something feels wrong, are questions it can answer.

Question 19

Is there a standard number of EBO2 sessions?

Accepted Answer

No. Clinics set their own courses, and no EBOO study compared one number of sessions with another. As of October 4, 2026, 69 of the 174 clinic pages we could read state a recommended course, and 48 give a number: from 1 to 15 sessions. The median of the smallest number each clinic names is 3, and of the largest is 6, and 30 of the 48 start at 3. The most common spacing is about a week apart (31 of the 69), and 13 describe maintenance sessions after the first course. The method's developers described a standard cycle of 14 one-hour sessions over 7 weeks, and only 1 of the 48 clinics recommends a course that long.

Question 20

How much does EBO2 cost?

Accepted Answer

Around $1,500 a session at the clinics that publish a price, before any extra fees. As of October 4, 2026, 40 of the 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read published a single-session price: $750 to $2,500, with a median of $1,500 and a middle half of $1,274 to $1,550, and 13 of the 40 were exactly $1,500. The other 134 publish no price. Of the 40 prices, 26 came with a condition on the clinic's own pages, such as a starting-price label, a member rate, or a separate consultation fee. We found no sign that health insurance pays for it.

Question 21

What does a full course of EBO2 cost?

Accepted Answer

Thousands of dollars at published prices, because clinics usually recommend a series. As of October 4, 2026, the median single-session price among the 40 of 174 readable clinics that publish one was $1,500, and among the 48 clinics that give a number of sessions, the median of the smallest number each names was 3 and of the largest was 6. By our arithmetic, 3 to 6 sessions at $1,500 come to $4,500 to $9,000 before any package discount, consultation fee, labs, or add-ons. Published package totals run from $2,700 to $6,750. At the median price, the developers' 14-session cycle would come to $21,000, and monthly maintenance sessions would add $18,000 a year. These are arithmetic on medians, not quotes.

Question 22

Are there fees on top of the session price?

Accepted Answer

Sometimes, and a quote may not show them. As of October 4, 2026, 10 of the 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read list a separate consultation, evaluation, or first-visit fee on the pages we saved, from $50 to $600, and one folds its required lab tests into a $250 evaluation. Twenty-two list an add-on to the session; where a light step is priced separately (3 clinics) it adds $90 to $300, and one clinic's EBOO with NAD costs $201 more than EBOO alone. Some take deposits with their own terms, such as $700 that becomes non-refundable if the appointment is cancelled within 3 business days. A quote that does not mention these has not necessarily ruled them out.

Question 23

What is the cheapest way to pay for EBO2?

Accepted Answer

Comparing published single-session prices is the plainest route; a package lowers the price per session only for the buyer who uses every session. As of October 4, 2026, the lowest single-session price published by the 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read was $750, and 17 of them published package prices, 21 packages in all. Per session, packages came to a median of 10% below the same clinic's single price, with a middle half of 8% to 12% and a range of 0% to 17%. Every one of the 21 cost more than the single price for one fewer session, so a package abandoned partway costs more than single sessions would have. The price check tool on this site places a quote against every published price.

Question 24

Do clinics offer refunds on packages?

Accepted Answer

Clinics rarely publish refund terms. As of October 4, 2026, 17 of the 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read published a package price; one of those pages says "All sales final," and none says whether unused sessions can be refunded, transferred, or will expire. Deposits carry their own terms: one clinic's $700 deposit becomes non-refundable if the appointment is cancelled within 3 business days. In all 21 published packages, the total was more than the single price for one fewer session, so the refund terms, in writing, matter before paying. An FSA cannot reimburse sessions in advance.

Question 25

Is EBO2 cheaper in some states?

Accepted Answer

Our data cannot say. As of October 4, 2026, the 40 single-session prices published by the 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read came from 17 of the 43 states with a listed clinic, and no state had more than 6, too few to compare states. Price also did not track what clinics state about the session: the median price for clinics that state a session length, name a device, or name clinicians stayed within about $100 of $1,500. Clinics' pages point instead to what a price includes, such as a consultation, a member rate, or a light device.

Question 26

Does insurance or Medicare pay anything toward EBO2?

Accepted Answer

We found no sign that health insurance or Medicare pays for it. As of October 4, 2026, none of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read said insurance covers it, and 23 said it is not covered or that the clinic does not accept or bill insurance. Five offer a superbill or itemized receipt for patients to submit themselves, which moves the claim to the patient without changing what a plan covers. Medicare excludes services that are not reasonable and necessary for diagnosing or treating illness or injury. Our plain-text read of Medicare's coverage database listed no document on ozone therapy, but its results load in a browser, so we could not confirm that none exists. We did not survey state Medicaid programs or read private insurers' current policies.

Question 27

Can I use an HSA?

Accepted Answer

Only if the session counts as medical care under IRS rules, and with an HSA the account holder carries the risk. IRS Publication 502 says medical care must be primarily to alleviate or prevent an illness, not merely beneficial to general health, and neither it nor Publication 969 mentions ozone therapy. Publication 969 describes no advance approval by the HSA trustee: the account holder keeps the records showing that a withdrawal paid a qualified expense, and a withdrawal that did not is taxed as income and can carry an extra 20% tax. A card accepted at the front desk is not a ruling that the expense qualifies. A health FSA differs: the plan decides which expenses qualify, needs a third-party statement, and cannot pay for sessions in advance.

Question 28

What do "FDA registered" and "FDA cleared" mean on a clinic page?

Accepted Answer

Neither means the FDA has approved EBO2. Registered means a company has told the FDA where it makes or handles devices and which devices those are; a federal rule says registration does not denote approval, and the FDA issues no registration certificates. Cleared means a specific device, such as a hemodialysis filter, was cleared through a 510(k) for the uses written in its own submission, such as kidney failure, and another rule says a clearance does not denote official approval either. As of October 4, 2026, 3 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read used an FDA term for their equipment. A device's maker, model, and 510(k) number are what let anyone check it in the FDA's databases.

Question 29

Has the FDA acted against EBOO equipment?

Accepted Answer

Yes. On July 7, 2025, the FDA sent a warning letter to O3UV, LLC of Grand Ledge, Michigan, after a 2023 inspection. It said two devices meant to expose blood to ozone and ultraviolet light, during UV blood irradiation or EBOO, were adulterated because no premarket approval was in effect, and misbranded because the firm had not filed a 510(k) notice. It also found no complaint procedure, and hemodialyzer filters in the firm's EBOO kits bought without evaluating the supplier. On October 2, 2026, the FDA's list showed no response or close-out letter. A warning letter states the agency's position; it is not a court ruling, and it names no clinic.

Question 30

Who regulates EBO2 if the FDA has not approved it?

Accepted Answer

The FDA regulates the devices, state boards license the people who use them, and the FTC polices health claims. The FDA does not approve health care providers, and its ozone rule counts an ozone device used in a medical condition without proof of safety and effectiveness as adulterated or misbranded. State medical boards act on how licensed clinicians practice: Oregon's board revoked a physician's license in 1994, in part over ozone therapy it called unproved and unnecessary, and California's board in 2024 barred a physician on probation from intravenous ozone therapy. We have not surveyed every state's rules, and nothing here is a legal opinion.

Question 31

Has any country outside the US approved EBOO?

Accepted Answer

None that we found. We hold regulators' documents from Italy, Germany, Brazil, the UK, Canada, and Australia, and none approves EBOO. The only one that names it, a 2001 German insurance review, judged the first EBOO study in patients unsuitable as evidence of efficacy, and Germany has excluded ozone therapy, including ozone autohemotherapy, from statutory health insurance since March 2001. Brazil allows ozone therapy as a complementary procedure, and its medical council lists wound, knee, and spine uses for physicians, none of them a blood circuit. Italy's health bodies said no controlled studies supported oxygen-ozone therapy. The UK, Canadian, and Australian records concern one advertiser, ozone saunas, and two clinics.

Question 32

How much safety data exists for EBO2?

Accepted Answer

Very little. As of October 2, 2026, our library classes six papers as studies of EBOO as given to people, four of them from the Siena group that developed it. None attributes an adverse event to the procedure, and none was designed to detect uncommon ones. The developers' trial recorded no side effects in 210 EBOO treatments, their review reports more than 1,200 treatments in 82 patients without technical or clinical problems, and a California clinic reports at least 400 sessions with no untoward effects observed. A 2025 case report, which has no adverse-events section, notes a fall in hemoglobin and that the patient felt worse after her second series, without attributing either to EBOO. These are the practitioners' own accounts. No registry collects EBO2 outcomes, so how often problems occur is unknown, and the absence of reports is not evidence of safety.

Question 33

What are the side effects?

Accepted Answer

Clinic pages describe mild, short-lived effects, such as tiredness, dizziness, bruising, or discomfort where the lines go in, and none gives counts of patients or events. The handful of EBOO papers attribute no side effects to the procedure, but most come from the group that developed the method and none was built to catch rare events. One practice's EBOO page goes further, listing infection, clotting, bleeding, and fainting among reported and potential risks. With other ways of giving ozone, published case reports describe strokes, blindness, heart attacks, infections, and deaths; their authors most often blame gas reaching the bloodstream.

Question 34

What serious problems have been reported after ozone therapy?

Accepted Answer

Strokes, vision loss, spinal cord injury, heart attacks, serious infections, and deaths, though as of October 2, 2026 we found no published report of a serious event during EBO2 itself. Most of the serious events followed injections into or beside the spine, or ozonated blood or gas given into a vein, and began during the procedure or within minutes; most of their authors attribute them to gas entering the bloodstream. Infections, including a hepatitis C cluster among patients given ozone-enriched transfusions of their own blood in Rome, are the other large group. A case report shows that an event followed a procedure, not how often it happens, and a 2026 review says the overall rate cannot be reliably estimated.

Question 35

Can EBO2 cause a blood clot or embolism?

Accepted Answer

Neither has been reported in the EBOO papers, which are too small to rule either out. The concern comes from other procedures that return ozonated blood or gas to a vein: authors of several case reports attribute strokes and other sudden events to gas bubbles reaching the circulation, and a California patient was diagnosed with an air embolism and stroke after her IV line appeared to leak air during intravenous ozone. Published EBOO circuits use heparin to keep clots from forming in the tubing, and heparin's label warns of bleeding and of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, a reaction that can itself cause clots. No study has measured either risk for EBO2's equipment.

Question 36

Is EBO2 safe with medications?

Accepted Answer

No study has tested EBO2 alongside any medicine, so the sources cannot say. Two kinds come up most. Blood thinners, because the circuit is kept from clotting with heparin, whose label warns that drugs affecting clotting or platelets may add to bleeding; clinic pages range from listing anticoagulant use as a reason to decline to saying it needs discussion. Blood pressure medicines, because the ozone physiologist Velio Bocci reported a sudden fall in blood pressure when ozonated blood was reinfused fast into patients on ACE inhibitors, from an unpublished observation and two patients, during autohemotherapy rather than EBOO. Any change to a medicine is a decision for the clinician who prescribes it.

Question 37

Is it safe during pregnancy?

Accepted Answer

That is unknown. We found no study of EBO2 in pregnancy, and almost every list of exclusions we compared names it, including 10 of the 11 itemized clinic lists we saved on September 28, 2026, an Italian national consensus on ozone injections, and a 2022 autohemotherapy trial. Two of those clinic lists exclude only the first trimester. Breastfeeding appears on four of the clinic lists and in the trial's exclusions. The question belongs with the clinician caring for the pregnancy, and our contraindications guide gives each source's reasoning.

Question 38

Where can a problem after EBO2 be reported?

Accepted Answer

To the FDA through MedWatch and, for a clinician's conduct, to the state licensing board. MedWatch, the FDA's voluntary reporting program, is at https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/medwatch/index.cfm, where patients and consumers use Form 3500B and health professionals Form 3500; the FDA also takes reports by phone at 1-888-INFO-FDA (1-888-463-6332), option 2, and a patient's own doctor can add clinical details to a report. On October 2, 2026, the FDA's device report database held 10 reports whose narratives mention ozone therapy and none mentioning EBOO. For a medical emergency, the MedWatch page says to call 911.

Question 39

What health benefits do clinics claim for EBO2?

Accepted Answer

Almost every clinic page claims at least one. As of October 4, 2026, 163 of the 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read (94%) state a health benefit. By kind: detoxification 151, energy or fatigue 133, infections or pathogens 119, autoimmune conditions 104, Lyme disease or mold illness 90, heart and circulation 87, longevity 56, long COVID 48, and cancer 22, with 94 naming other conditions. For autoimmune disease, fatigue, long COVID, Lyme or mold illness, longevity, and cancer, no study of EBOO itself in our library measured the outcome in patients. We publish these claims only as counts, never for a named clinic.

Question 40

Has EBO2 been shown to help any condition?

Accepted Answer

No. Its research record is too small to show a benefit for any condition. As of October 2, 2026, of the 78 studies in our library, six are about EBOO as given to people: one 28-patient randomized trial at the developers' hospital, two single-patient case reports, a preliminary report with no patient count, a review by the developers, and ozone-uptake measurements in 12 patients at a California clinic. None is large or independent, and ClinicalTrials.gov listed no registered EBOO trial on that date. The larger ozone trials in our library tested injections or major autohemotherapy, and a result for one route does not carry over to another. Ozone therapy is not FDA-approved for any condition.

Question 41

Is there evidence for EBO2 in heart or circulation problems?

Accepted Answer

A little, and it is the only area with a controlled EBOO trial. In 2005 the Siena developers randomized 28 patients with peripheral artery disease to EBOO or intravenous prostacyclin and reported greater regression of skin lesions and differences in pain and well-being with EBOO, but no significant change in blood supply to the legs in either group. The trial ran at the developers' own hospital, and its abstract gives no arm sizes, randomization method, or blinding. Bocci's group later described EBOO as a procedure for emergencies such as stage 4 peripheral artery disease. As of October 4, 2026, 87 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read claim a heart or circulation benefit.

Question 42

Does EBO2 detox the body?

Accepted Answer

No study has shown that it does, though it is the most common claim: as of October 4, 2026, 151 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read claim a detoxification benefit. No published study we found has measured what an EBOO circuit removes from a patient's blood. The one case report on toxins followed a single 88-year-old woman's urine over two series of sessions: average ratios fell for mycotoxins, heavy metals, and environmental toxins, but nine of the 29 mycotoxins measured ended higher, nickel rose overall, and there was no comparison. Claims about heavy metals and microplastics rest on theory borrowed from dialysis or on one clinic's test of water, not blood.

Question 43

Does EBO2 help fatigue or low energy?

Accepted Answer

No study has tested it. As of October 4, 2026, 133 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read claim a benefit for energy or fatigue, the second most common claim, yet no study of EBOO itself in our library measured fatigue in patients. The nearest evidence comes from major autohemotherapy, a different method: a 2021 series reported a 67% fall in mean fatigue scores among 100 people with post-COVID fatigue, with no comparison group to show what would have happened anyway. Tiredness is also reported after sessions: 28 clinic pages mention it, and the one recent EBOO case report describes a patient who felt worse, more tired, after her second series, which the paper does not attribute to EBOO.

Question 44

Does EBO2 kill viruses or bacteria in the blood?

Accepted Answer

No study has shown that it does in people. As of October 4, 2026, 119 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read claim a benefit against infections or pathogens, and the recorded wording of 29 says the procedure kills, destroys, inactivates, or neutralizes microbes. The closest tests used a different extracorporeal ozone prototype in pigs with sepsis: one pass lowered live bacteria in the blood flowing through the device, but bacteria in the animals' circulation did not differ from untreated pigs. The only EBOO report on an infection is a single dialysis patient with necrotizing fasciitis. In 2020 the FTC told ozone marketers their COVID-19 claims lacked competent and reliable scientific evidence.

Question 45

Does EBO2 help autoimmune disease?

Accepted Answer

No study has tested EBO2 in any autoimmune disease. As of October 4, 2026, 104 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read claim an autoimmune benefit, though the wording we recorded names a specific disease for only 23 of them. The ozone studies that exist used other methods. Two multiple sclerosis case series, each of 20 patients and possibly the same 20, gave ozone autohemotherapy twice a week for six months and measured immune-cell markers, not relapses or disability; the one Sjögren's report is a single case; and a 2016 rheumatoid arthritis trial added rectal ozone to methotrexate for 20 days, with no sham described. The treatments NIH lists for lupus, Sjögren's, and rheumatoid arthritis do not include ozone.

Question 46

Does EBO2 help long COVID?

Accepted Answer

No published study has given EBO2 to people with long COVID. As of October 4, 2026, 48 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read claim a long COVID benefit. The post-COVID studies in our library used major ozone autohemotherapy, a batch method. The only randomized one, a 73-patient pilot, reported a symptom response in 25 of 35 people given ozone with usual care against 17 of 38 on usual care alone, with no sham procedure described, and its authors say the findings need validation; the other two had no comparison group. CDC and NIH say there are no approved treatments for long COVID, and NIH's RECOVER trials have not involved ozone.

Question 47

Does EBO2 help Lyme disease?

Accepted Answer

No study has tested it. We found no study, in the laboratory, in animals, or in people, that tested ozone or EBO2 against Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease, and ClinicalTrials.gov listed no such trial on October 2, 2026. Even so, as of October 4, 2026, the claim wording we recorded from 76 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read names Lyme disease, 64 of them in a list with other conditions. Reviews of alternative Lyme treatments in 2015 and 2026 found no trial evidence for oxygen-based therapies such as ozone. CDC lists antibiotic courses for every form of the disease and says more antibiotics are unlikely to help symptoms that last after treatment.

Question 48

Does EBO2 help mold illness or CIRS?

Accepted Answer

No study has tested EBO2, or any ozone therapy, in people with mold-related illness or CIRS. As of October 4, 2026, the claim wording we recorded from 51 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read names mold, mycotoxins, biotoxins, or CIRS. The only EBOO report that measured mycotoxins followed one 88-year-old woman with chronic anemia: some urine levels fell, but 9 of the 29 mycotoxins tested were higher at the end, and she kept living in the building she blamed. CDC says there is no FDA-approved test for mycotoxins in human urine and that they turn up in healthy people's urine, and its advice for a moldy building is to fix the moisture problem and remove the mold.

Question 49

What do clinics claim about EBO2 and cancer?

Accepted Answer

As of October 4, 2026, 22 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read state a cancer-related benefit, more often as support alongside conventional care than as a cancer treatment. No study we found has given EBO2 to people with cancer: an exact-phrase Europe PMC search for the procedure's full name on October 2, 2026 returned 14 records, none a cancer study. A supportive-care claim would still need a controlled trial behind it. Brazil's Federal Council of Medicine bars ozone therapy for neoplastic wounds outside approved research, and the American Cancer Society recommended in 1993 that people with cancer not seek treatment from anyone promoting hyperoxygenation therapy, a family that includes ozone, as an alternative.

Question 50

Does EBO2 help with longevity or aging?

Accepted Answer

No study has tested it against any aging outcome. As of October 4, 2026, 56 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read claim a longevity or anti-aging benefit, yet no study in our library, of EBO2 or any other ozone therapy, measured lifespan, a validated aging clock, or the rate of age-related disease. The case rests on a mechanism argument: the most cited ozone-and-aging review pooled biomarker studies with very high heterogeneity and described itself as a rationale for future trials. The trial its authors announced used rectal ozone, not blood filtration, was completed in November 2023, and had no published results when we checked on October 2, 2026.

Question 51

Can athletes who are drug-tested have EBO2?

Accepted Answer

Only the athlete's own anti-doping organization can say; some athletes ask it in writing before a session. None of the anti-doping agency pages we read names EBO2 or EBOO. As those agencies summarise the WADA Prohibited List, it bans removing blood (except for testing or donation), putting blood back into the circulation, manipulating blood inside the circulation by physical or chemical means, and IV infusions above 100 mL in 12 hours outside hospital, surgical, or diagnostic care. USADA's guidance calls ozone autohemotherapy prohibited at all times and says wellness clinics do not count as hospitals, and a UFC athlete accepted a six-month sanction in 2018 after his physician's records showed his ozone treatment involved a blood transfusion. As of October 4, 2026, 26 of the 174 clinic pages we could read mention athletes alongside the procedure; no study has tested EBO2 in athletes.

Question 52

How do I find an EBO2 clinic near me?

Accepted Answer

Through our clinic directory, which as of October 4, 2026 lists 177 US clinics in 43 states, or the clinic finder on this site, which sorts them by straight-line distance from a ZIP code or your location. Each listing shows what the clinic states about its own service, such as a price, session length, and named clinicians, each linked to the clinic page it came from. Verified means we confirmed on the clinic's own website, on the date shown, that it offers EBO2 or EBOO; it says nothing about licensure, safety, or results, and a listing is not a recommendation. No clinic can pay for its position or a badge.

Question 53

What do clinic EBO2 pages usually leave out?

Accepted Answer

Most of what a reader needs to compare clinics. We track eight basic facts, and as of October 4, 2026, the median page among the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read stated 3 of them. Of those 174, 40 published a price, 17 a package price, 21 the device, 69 a recommended course, and 75 named a clinician; 100 said who supervises, 56 of them in general words such as "medical supervision." Sixty-eight published none of a price, a device, or a clinician's name, and 148 did not say whether EBO2 or its equipment is FDA-approved. A missing fact is not proof of a problem, only a question to ask before booking.

Question 54

What should I ask an EBO2 clinic before booking?

Accepted Answer

The questions clinic pages rarely answer. Ask who places the lines, who stays in the room for the whole session, and what license each holds. Ask which device and filter are used, and whether every part that touches blood is single-use; as of October 4, 2026, 14 of the 174 clinic pages we could read say the circuit, filter, or tubing is single-use. Ask what screening and lab tests come first, what is monitored during the session, and what happens if a patient feels unwell: 15 pages say vital signs are taken or monitored at a session, and none we saved describes an emergency plan. Then ask for the full price, every fee, and the package and refund terms, in writing.

Question 55

Who performs EBO2, and how can I check their license?

Accepted Answer

Clinic pages often do not say, and which licenses may run the circuit depends on state rules we have not surveyed. As of October 4, 2026, 100 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read say who supervises sessions, but 56 of those use general wording without a role or a name; 75 name at least one clinician, and the 137 people named include 31 MDs, 10 DOs, 24 nurse practitioners, 13 registered or practical nurses, 13 naturopathic doctors (7 NDs and 6 NMDs), and 5 chiropractors. A license is checked in the state licensing board's own lookup. The federal NPI Registry is a second search, but an NPI is an identification number, not a license. We do not check licenses ourselves.

Question 56

Which other services do EBO2 clinics sell alongside it?

Accepted Answer

Most often IV drips, followed by peptides, hyperbaric oxygen, and NAD+. As of October 4, 2026, 109 of the 177 US clinics in our directory list at least one service besides EBO2: IV nutrient therapy on 81 listings, peptide therapy on 48, hyperbaric oxygen on 44, NAD+ therapy on 42, PRP on 24, chelation on 18, major autohemotherapy on 17, and 10-pass ozone on 11. Separately, 22 of the 174 clinics whose EBO2 page we could read list an add-on to the session itself, such as a light device or an IV infusion. Each part of a bundle is a separate cost, and when several are given together no one can tell which produced a change or a side effect.

Question 57

How does EBO2.com verify clinics?

Accepted Answer

A clinic is listed when public sources or the clinic itself indicate that it offers EBO2 or EBOO, and Verified means we confirmed on the clinic's own website, on the date shown, that it offers the service; that page is recorded as the listing's source. Our procedure rechecks each listing at 90 days, our automated tests fail at 150, and the site cannot be rebuilt while any listing is more than 180 days past its last check. A separate research pass reads each clinic's EBO2 page and saves the exact words behind every fact it records, and a script checks each quote against the saved text. We do not check licenses, safety records, complaints, or results.

Question 58

Does EBO2.com sell Featured or sponsored placements?

Accepted Answer

No. Every listing is free, and no clinic can pay for position, a badge, or a mention in an article. Within each state, directory pages show verified clinics first and then sort alphabetically. A listing shows "Verified" only once we confirm EBO2 on the clinic's own website, and a listing that has not been confirmed says so plainly instead.

Question 59

Where does the clinic data on EBO2.com come from?

Accepted Answer

From the clinics' own websites. Our directory lists 177 US clinics from 152 websites. A research pass read each clinic's EBO2 page, saving the exact words and the page behind every fact it recorded, and a script checks each quote against the saved text. Every share of what the research pass recorded counts only the clinics whose EBO2 page we could read, so a page we could not read never counts as saying nothing. How clinics word FDA status and health benefits is published only as counts. The data can be downloaded as CSV or JSON under a CC BY 4.0 license, with our 78 study cards and 34 regulatory records as of October 2, 2026.

Question 60

How do I report a clinic making false claims?

Accepted Answer

To us through the contact page if the problem is in our listing, and to regulators for the clinic's own marketing. Our listing text may describe services and prices but may not claim that EBO2 can treat or prevent disease, and reports are checked against that rule; it does not govern what a clinic says on its own website. The FDA accepts complaints about how device makers and sellers market their products, including selling without clearance or beyond a cleared use, through its Allegations of Regulatory Misconduct form. State medical boards handle complaints about a licensed clinician's practice, and the FTC takes reports of bad business practices at ReportFraud.ftc.gov.

Question 61

Can my clinic be listed?

Accepted Answer

Yes, for free, if EBO2 or EBOO appears as a service on the clinic's own website, which becomes the verification source, and sessions are delivered by or under the supervision of a licensed clinician in your state. Listing text may describe services and prices but may not make disease claims. The form on the For clinics page claims an existing listing or requests a new one. A listing shows facts from the clinic's own pages with links to them; how a clinic words FDA status or health benefits is never shown on its listing.

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EBO2 (EBOO) therapy: frequently asked questions

The basics

Is EBO2 the same as EBOO?