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The History of EBO2 (EBOO): A Dated Timeline From Siena to US Clinics

By EBO2.com Editorial Team

Updated . First published .

An antique brass and glass laboratory apparatus beside old leather-bound books on a wooden desk

EBO2 (also called EBOO) was invented in a hospital. A group in Siena, Italy, began ozonating blood in an extracorporeal circuit in 1990 [1], described its method in 1999 [2], published its first report in patients in 2000 [3], and ran the only randomized trial in 2005 [1]. How the procedure moved from there into US wellness clinics is much less documented. The first dated sign of EBOO equipment in the US in our sources is an FDA finding about devices distributed from January 2022 [4]. Ozone therapy is not FDA-approved for any condition, and the FDA rule describing ozone as a toxic gas with no known useful medical application dates from 1976 [5].

This page is a dated timeline in which every entry cites its source, followed by what the record shows about the procedure’s arrival in US clinics and what it does not. Regulatory entries come from our database of 34 primary-source records as of September 28, 2026; the four newest are shown under “From our data”.

Before EBOO

The background comes mostly from secondary sources, and they do not agree. A 2025 review by authors at a government naturopathy institute in India dates the first recorded observation of ozone to 1785, its naming by Christian Friedrich Schönbein to 1840, and medical use of ozonized oils to 1859 [6]. On major autohemotherapy, the batch method EBOO was designed to scale up [7], the sources differ by seven years: a 2022 paper co-authored by the physician who pioneered 10-pass ozone says it was first described in 1954 by Wehrli and Steinbart [8], and the 2025 review credits Hans Wolff with introducing it by 1961 [6]. The Siena group’s own summary in 2000 was that ozone autohemotherapy had been used “for four decades with encouraging results but, owing to the lack of clinical studies, it has never been adopted by orthodox medicine” [3].

Date What happened Source
Feb 13, 1976 The FDA’s device labeling rule calls ozone “a toxic gas with no known useful medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy”, caps ozone in occupied spaces at 0.05 parts per million, and treats an ozone-generating device used in a medical condition without “proof of safety and effectiveness” as adulterated or misbranded [5]
Aug 23, 1977 FDA rules that registering a device establishment, or filing a 510(k) notification, does not denote approval, and that claiming otherwise is misbranding [9][10]

Siena builds EBOO, 1990 to 2011

Date What happened Source
1990 The Siena group begins “using extracorporeal circulation to ozonate blood”, aiming to amplify the results of ozone autohemotherapy [1]
1999 First methods paper: dialysis membranes found “unsuitable because they are hydrophilic and vulnerable to O3”; hydrophobic, ozone-resistant hollow fibers adopted; tests in saline, pig blood and sheep; heparin “not an ideal anticoagulant” and sodium citrate used; the exchanger clogged with cells [2]
2000 First report in patients: one author volunteers and reports two lipomas gone after six treatments; a patient with Madelung disease and several with atherosclerotic vascular disease follow; reported “without side-effects” [3]
2001 Several oxygenator-ozonators compared; dialysis membranes again rejected; more biocompatible oxygenators can treat up to 5 liters in about an hour, “making the treatment of critical patients feasible” [11]
2002 A case of necrotizing fasciitis in a dialysis patient; the authors write that EBOO “is no longer in the experimental stage and is used routinely in our hospital” [12]
2005 Randomized trial in 28 patients with peripheral artery disease, EBOO against intravenous prostacyclin; no side effects recorded in 210 EBOO treatments [1]
2005 Review: more than 1,200 treatments in 82 patients; up to 4,800 mL of blood an hour at 0.5 to 1 µg/mL of ozone; a standard cycle of 14 one-hour sessions over 7 weeks [7]
2007 A purpose-built gas exchanger, L001, tested in saline [13]
2010 A Siena team tests four dialysis filters as ozone gas exchangers, finds yields of 0 to 70 percent and fibers altered by ozone, warns they “may release toxic compounds harmful for the patients”, and says “some clinicians incautiously use them” [14]
2011 Bocci’s group describes EBOO as “a procedure to be used in emergency conditions such as PAD stage 4”, expensive, and to be run by “technicians specialized in extravascular blood circulation” [15]

Italian authorities while EBOO was being built

Siena is in Tuscany, and the national and regional health bodies took a cautious line on oxygen-ozone therapy in the same years. The quotations from Italian documents below are our translations.

Date What happened Source
Jan to Jun 2001 A cluster of hepatitis C infections among patients treated with ozone autohemotherapy or intramuscular ozone at a Rome hospital outpatient department; of 31 patients tested, 6 were infected. Reported in 2005 [16]
Dec 31, 2002 The Health Ministry relays the Superior Health Council’s view that oxygen-ozone therapy should be tested only for disc herniation by intradiscal injection, only in public or accredited private hospitals, “expressly excluding private outpatient clinics, beauty or fitness centres or the like” [17]
Nov 19, 2003 The Council says no controlled clinical studies support the efficacy of oxygen-ozone therapy and that it “can cause serious and potentially lethal side effects”, and that it should be given only in ethics-approved hospital trials [17]
Jan 20, 2005 The Ministry says its 2002 note is not legally binding, but warns that departing from the Council’s view could expose a doctor to criminal or civil liability after an incident [17]
Sep 5, 2006 Tuscany’s regional health council finds no top-grade evidence for intradiscal ozone and says “there is no indication for other conditions” [18]
Mar 6, 2007 Tuscany: in private outpatient facilities, oxygen-ozone therapy is possible “only in controlled clinical trials” [19]
Nov 3, 2015 Tuscany classes ozone therapy as an invasive procedure needing authorized premises and calls ozonated autohemotherapy “of doubtful clinical efficacy” [20]
Dec 11, 2018 Tuscany’s clinical governance body, summarizing Italian ozone-therapy guidelines: the gas mixture “must not be used by direct intravenous administration because of the danger of pulmonary gas embolism” [21]
Mar 26, 2020 Italy’s national public health institute says it did not authorize trials of ozone therapy for COVID-19 [22]

The field’s own consensus document, the Madrid Declaration, first appeared on June 4, 2010; its 2015 second edition lists EBOO among 24 recommended routes of administration and direct intravenous injection of ozone among routes “not recommended for not being safe” [23]. It is written by ozone therapists, not by a regulator.

The United States, 2020 to 2026

The US record before 2020 says little about EBOO itself. Then the COVID-19 pandemic brought a wave of actions against ozone therapy claims, and EBOO equipment appears in the record from 2022.

Date What happened Source
Apr 10, 2020 The FTC warns RowenSu Clinic of Santa Rosa, California, over website claims that ozone therapy treats COVID-19 [24]
Apr 23, 2020 The FTC announces 21 more COVID-19 warning letters, including several to marketers of ozone therapy, saying “there is currently no scientific evidence” these services treat the disease [25]
Apr 24, 2020 The FTC warns a San Diego seller whose marketing said “You can do ozone therapy yourself” with its machine and a tent [26]
Apr 24, 2020 A federal court enters an agreed permanent injunction barring a Dallas ozone center from claiming ozone treats COVID-19; the Justice Department notes the complaint’s claims are allegations [27]
May 6 and Jun 30, 2020 Joint FDA and FTC warning letters to two California clinics list ozone claims among those not supported by competent and reliable scientific evidence [28][29]
Jul 2020 New York City’s medical examiner rules the death of a patient injected intravenously with ozone gas a homicide due to extreme medical negligence; an appeals court upholds the challenge’s dismissal in 2023 [30]
Nov 12, 2020 The FTC’s ninth set of COVID-19 letters again includes ozone therapy, bringing the total to more than 330 recipients [31]
2022 The Austrian physician who pioneered 10-pass ozone co-authors a six-patient laboratory study of the method [8]
Jan 1, 2022, to Aug 21, 2023 A Michigan firm, O3UV, distributes devices including “EBOO Full Spectrum UV” without design controls, according to the FDA’s later findings [4]
Aug 23 to 31, 2023 The FDA inspects O3UV in Grand Ledge, Michigan [4]
2023 Practitioners at a Santa Rosa, California clinic publish ozone measurements from 12 patients receiving “ozone dialysis”, the dialysis-filter version of EBOO [32]
Jun 21, 2024 The Medical Board of California places a physician on five years’ probation, barred from intravenous ozone, after a patient lost consciousness during IV ozone treatment in 2020 and was diagnosed with air embolism and stroke [33]
Aug 26, 2024 FDA consumer update: no device is cleared to clean CPAP machines, and ozone cleaners have drawn reports of asthma attacks, headaches and breathlessness [34]
Jun 30, 2025 Federal prosecutors charge a Richmond pain physician with offenses including using FDA-unapproved ozone generators and billing ozone treatments as nerve blocks; the charges are allegations [35]
Jul 7, 2025 FDA warning letter to O3UV: its blood-ozonation devices for UV blood irradiation or EBOO are adulterated and misbranded for lack of premarket approval or clearance [4]
2025 A New York case report follows an 88-year-old woman through two series of EBOO [36]
May 4, 2026 FDA consumer update explains that registration and listing are not approval, and that dialysis equipment is marketed through 510(k) clearance [37]

Elsewhere, 2022 to 2026

Date What happened Source
Mar 2, 2022 The UK advertising regulator rules a clinic’s IV ozone claims unsubstantiated and misleading [38]
Nov 2, 2022 Health Canada warns that no ozone sauna is licensed and that selling unlicensed medical devices is illegal [39]
Aug 4, 2023 Brazil’s federal law authorizes ozone therapy as a complementary procedure, given by a registered health professional with a regulator-approved generator [40]
Aug 1, 2024 A New South Wales commission bars an ozone clinic in Castle Hill from providing health services while it investigates [41]
Apr 8, 2025 The same commission bars a Penrith ozone clinic for five years, finding unapproved equipment including a “Champion Full Spectrum UV” device, heparin obtained “from an unknown source” by a practitioner “not authorised to be in possession of, or to administer” it, and no infection control [42]
Aug 21, 2025 Brazil’s Federal Council of Medicine authorizes ozone therapy as an add-on for four kinds of wound (topical only), knee osteoarthritis and disc-related back pain [43]
Jun 16, 2026 Brazil’s health regulator lists the uses it recognizes for ozone-emitting devices and says they may be sold only for approved indications [44]

How EBOO reached US clinics: what the record shows

What is documented. By the FDA’s account, a Michigan firm sold EBOO equipment to “healthcare practitioners (e.g., physicians, nurses, etc.) throughout the United States” between January 2022 and August 2023, and its EBOO kits included purchased hemodialyzer filters [4]. A California clinic group reported at least 400 sessions of what it calls ozone dialysis in a 2023 paper; its authors write that the method has run “for decades, at least 22 years in Malaysia alone”, citing a source we have not read [32]. Clinic pages give their own start dates: one clinic says its physician has provided EBOO since 2022 [45], one Kansas practice began offering it in July 2023 [46], one Bay Area practice says it has offered EBOO for more than five years [47], and one clinic says it has performed more than 2,000 EBOO treatments in the past three years [48]. As of October 4, 2026, our directory lists 177 US clinics.

What changed on the way. Three shifts show in the sources. The setting moved from a hospital department, where the developers called EBOO routine by 2002 [12], to outpatient clinics [32]. The equipment moved from a purpose-built gas exchanger to the dialysis filters its inventors had warned against [2][14][4]. And the patients moved from people with severe vascular disease, for whom Bocci’s group reserved the procedure as an emergency measure [15], to a wellness market: as of October 4, 2026, 163 of the 174 clinic EBO2 pages we could read state a health benefit, from detoxification to longevity. The what EBO2 is guide sets the two procedures side by side, EBO2 vs dialysis compares the dialysis-filter version with hemodialysis, and EBO2 devices and FDA status covers the equipment.

What is not documented. We found no source that says who first offered EBOO in the United States or when, who adapted it to dialysis filters, or who first called it EBO2. None of the Siena abstracts uses the name EBO2.

What regulators have and have not done

No regulator in our records has evaluated EBOO as a treatment. None of the 34 records in our database as of September 28, 2026, approves or clears it or its equipment, and the FDA’s 2025 letter found that two devices sold for EBOO and UV blood irradiation had no approval in effect [4]. US action has followed two tracks: claims, as in the FTC’s COVID-19 letters of 2020 [25][31], and devices, as in the 2025 warning letter [4]. State boards and courts have acted on harm from intravenous ozone gas, a different procedure [33][30]; case reports from that and other routes are compiled in ozone therapy adverse events. Abroad, Italy’s health bodies confined ozone therapy to trials in their opinions [17][19], Brazil authorized a short list of uses that leaves out blood circuits [43], and Australian regulators have acted against individual clinics [42]. Our regulatory tracker holds every record with its exact language, and Is EBO2 FDA approved? explains the US rules.

What we could not verify

  • Biographies. Earlier versions of this page gave birth and career dates for Velio Bocci from ozone-therapy association websites. We could not check them against an institutional source, so we have left them out.
  • The origin of major autohemotherapy. Our two sources give 1954 and 1961, and we have not read the papers either one cites.
  • Earlier extracorporeal work. PubMed indexes a 1960 German paper titled “The development of extracorporeal therapy of blood with oxygen, UV rays and ozone” [49] and two 1995 Russian papers, on extracorporeal ozone-oxygen treatment of blood in dogs [50] and on ozone therapy with hemoperfusion [51]. We could read only their titles, so we cannot say how they relate to EBOO.
  • The California paper’s statement about 22 years of ozone dialysis in Malaysia and more than 200,000 treatments, which cites a source we have not read [32].
  • The first use of EBOO, and of the name EBO2, in the United States.
  • A device maker’s claim, linked from one clinic page, to have pioneered EBOO technology “since 2000”. We could not read the maker’s site under our rules for automated access.

How this guide was made

This guide draws on 52 sources: papers read through PubMed, PubMed Central and Europe PMC; regulatory documents, court decisions and press releases read on the issuing bodies’ sites; and clinic pages saved by our research pass. Dates are as each document states them. The clinic count comes from our dataset, read between September 28, 2026 and October 4, 2026. Translations from Italian are ours. Drafting used AI tools. A human editor has not yet checked this guide claim by claim against its sources, and no clinical reviewer has signed off yet.

From our data

What regulators have said

  • June 16, 2026, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), Brazil: Nota Técnica nº 41/2026/SEI/GQUIP/GGTPS/DIRE3/ANVISA

    Technical note from Brazil's health regulator listing the uses it recognizes for ozone-emitting medical devices: skin cleansing with ozonated vapour, local dental uses, and, only as an adjunct, bagged ozone-oxygen gas for diabetic foot ulcers and acute infected wounds in adults. It says devices may be sold only for approved indications, warns of severe harm from other routes or doses, and replaces Note 43/2022.

  • May 4, 2026, FDA, Office of the Commissioner: Is It Really 'FDA Approved'?

    FDA consumer update on what "FDA approved" means. It says FDA does not approve health care providers, that registering an establishment or listing a device does not denote approval or mean a product may be legally marketed, that most high-risk devices need premarket approval, and that moderate-risk devices such as dialysis equipment are marketed through 510(k) clearance.

  • August 21, 2025, Conselho Federal de Medicina (CFM), Brazil: Resolução CFM n° 2.445, de 21 de agosto de 2025

    Resolution of Brazil's Federal Council of Medicine authorizing ozone therapy as an adjuvant medical treatment for four kinds of wound (topical use only), knee osteoarthritis and disc-related low back pain, with facility and specialist rules. It bars use on cancerous wounds outside approved research, requires Anvisa-regularized generators, and revokes Resolution 2.181/2018.

  • July 7, 2025, FDA, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research: Warning letter to O3UV, LLC (CBER 25-668840)

    Warning letter after a 2023 inspection. FDA says the firm's Champion Full Spectrum and EBOO Full Spectrum UV autohemotherapy devices, which expose blood to ozone and UV light for UBI or EBOO, are adulterated and misbranded for lack of premarket approval or clearance. It also cites registration, UDI, and quality-system failures, and notes the EBOO kits included purchased hemodialyzer filters.

Every record, with the exact language.

Frequently asked questions

Who invented EBOO?

A group at the University of Siena and the Siena hospital's nephrology and dialysis department, led in its clinical papers by the nephrologist Nicola Di Paolo, with the physiologist Velio Bocci as co-author of most of them. They began ozonating blood in an extracorporeal circuit in 1990, published their methods in 1999 and the first report in patients in 2000.

When did EBO2 come to the United States?

No source we found dates it. The earliest dated marker in our sources is an FDA finding that a Michigan firm distributed EBOO devices to practitioners across the country between January 2022 and August 2023. A California clinic group reported at least 400 sessions in a 2023 paper, and clinic pages give their own start dates, from 2022 to more than five years ago.

Where does the name EBO2 come from?

We could not find who first used it or when. The Siena papers use EBOO throughout. Today clinics use EBO2 in several ways: as another name for EBOO, as EBOO 2.0, or for EBOO with an added light device.

Has EBOO ever been banned?

Not as such in any record we hold. In the US the FDA has found EBOO devices adulterated and misbranded for lack of approval. Italy's Health Ministry in 2002 relayed advice to confine oxygen-ozone therapy to hospital trials, later calling that advice not legally binding. Brazil's 2025 medical council rules list no blood-circuit use among the authorized ones, and Australian regulators have barred individual ozone clinics.

Sources

  1. Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO): a controlled trial in patients with peripheral artery disease. International Journal of Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2005. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  2. Ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation. I. Rationale, methodology and preliminary studies. International Journal of Artificial Organs (PubMed), 1999. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  3. Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation (EBOO) in man. Preliminary report. International Journal of Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2000. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  4. Warning Letter: O3UV, LLC (CBER 25-668840), July 7, 2025. US Food and Drug Administration (CBER), 2025. Regulatory
  5. 21 CFR 801.415 Maximum acceptable level of ozone. eCFR (FDA), 2026. Regulatory
  6. Historical Highlights of Ozone Therapy. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences (PubMed Central), 2025. Peer-reviewed
  7. Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation: clinical and biological implications of ozone therapy. Redox Report (PubMed), 2005. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  8. Ozone high dose therapy (OHT) improves mitochondrial bioenergetics in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Translational Medicine Communications (PubMed Central), 2022. Peer-reviewed
  9. 21 CFR 807.39 Misbranding by reference to establishment registration or to registration number. eCFR (FDA), 2026. Regulatory
  10. 21 CFR 807.97 Misbranding by reference to premarket notification. eCFR (FDA), 2026. Regulatory
  11. Ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation. II. Comparative analysis of several oxygenator-ozonators and selection of one type. International Journal of Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2001. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  12. Necrotizing fasciitis successfully treated with extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonization (EBOO). International Journal of Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2002. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  13. Oxygenation-ozonation of blood during extracorporeal circulation: in vitro efficiency of a new gas exchange device. Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2007. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  14. Are dialysis devices usable as ozone gas exchangers?. Artificial Organs (PubMed), 2010. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  15. Oxygen/ozone as a medical gas mixture. A critical evaluation of the various methods clarifies positive and negative aspects. Medical Gas Research (PubMed Central), 2011. Peer-reviewed
  16. A cluster of hepatitis C virus infections associated with ozone-enriched transfusion of autologous blood in Rome, Italy. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology (PubMed), 2005. Peer-reviewed Our notes on this study
  17. Ossigeno-ozono terapia (circular DGFDM.III/P/1752/I.4.C.C., 20 January 2005), annexed to Tuscany opinion 10/2007. Italian Ministry of Health, Directorate General of Medicines and Medical Devices, 2005. Regulatory
  18. Parere 31/2006: Ossigeno ozonoterapia. Regione Toscana, Consiglio Sanitario Regionale, 2006. Regulatory
  19. Parere 10/2007: Utilizzo ossigeno-ozono terapia in strutture ambulatoriali private. Regione Toscana, Consiglio Sanitario Regionale, 2007. Regulatory
  20. Parere 67/2015: Prestazioni di idrocolonterapia, terapia chelante e ozonoterapia. Regione Toscana, Consiglio Sanitario Regionale, 2015. Regulatory
  21. Allegato alla Decisione CTS n. 20 del 11/12/2018. Regione Toscana, Organismo Toscano per il Governo Clinico, 2018. Regulatory
  22. CS N° 25/2020 - Ozonoterapia, non rientra nei compiti dell'ISS autorizzare sperimentazioni. Istituto Superiore di Sanità (Italy), 2020. Regulatory
  23. Madrid Declaration on Ozone Therapy, 2nd edition (index of routes). ISCO3 (International Scientific Committee of Ozone Therapy), 2015. Other
  24. Warning Letter to RowenSu Clinic: Unsubstantiated Claims for Coronavirus Treatment. Federal Trade Commission, Southwest Region, 2020. Regulatory
  25. FTC Sends 21 Letters Warning Marketers to Stop Making Unsupported Claims That Their Products and Therapies Can Effectively Treat Coronavirus. Federal Trade Commission, 2020. Regulatory
  26. Warning Letter to Forever Ozone: Unsubstantiated Claims for Coronavirus Prevention or Treatment. Federal Trade Commission, Southwest Region, 2020. Regulatory
  27. Court Prohibits Dallas Health Center from Touting "Ozone Therapy" as a COVID-19 Treatment. US Department of Justice, 2020. Regulatory
  28. Warning Letter to Center for New Medicine/Perfectly Healthy by Connealy MD (MARCS-CMS 605804). US Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission, 2020. Regulatory
  29. Warning Letter to Center for Wellness and Integrative Medicine (MARCS-CMS 608693). US Food and Drug Administration and Federal Trade Commission, 2020. Regulatory
  30. Matter of Robins v New York City Off. of Chief Med. Examiner, 2023 NY Slip Op 00286. New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division, First Department, 2023. Regulatory
  31. FTC Sends Letters Warning 20 More Marketers to Stop Making Unsupported Claims That Their Products and Therapies Can Effectively Prevent or Treat COVID-19. Federal Trade Commission, 2020. Regulatory
  32. Ozone dialysis delivers three or more times the ozone than other forms of ozone blood treatment. Medical Gas Research (PubMed Central), 2023. Peer-reviewed
  33. In the Matter of the Accusation Against German Zermeno, M.D., Case No. 800-2022-088393: Decision and Stipulated Settlement. Medical Board of California, 2024. Regulatory
  34. Do You Need a Device That Claims to Clean a CPAP Machine?. US Food and Drug Administration, 2024. Regulatory
  35. U.S. Attorney Erik S. Siebert announces charges as part of DOJ's national health care fraud enforcement action. US Attorney's Office, Eastern District of Virginia, 2025. Regulatory
  36. Observed Reduction in Urinary Toxin Excretion With Extracorporeal Blood Oxygenation and Ozonation (EBOO) Treatment in an 88-Year-Old With Chronic Anemia: A Case Report. Cureus (PubMed Central), 2025. Peer-reviewed
  37. Is It Really 'FDA Approved'?. US Food and Drug Administration, 2026. Regulatory
  38. ASA Ruling on The Detox Clinic Ltd. Advertising Standards Authority (UK), 2022. Regulatory
  39. Unlicensed ozone saunas may pose serious health risks to users and anyone in close proximity. Health Canada, 2022. Regulatory
  40. Lei nº 14.648, de 4 de agosto de 2023: Autoriza a ozonioterapia no território nacional. Presidency of the Republic of Brazil, 2023. Regulatory
  41. The Ozone Clinic, Castle Hill: Interim Prohibition Order. NSW Health Care Complaints Commission, 2024. Regulatory
  42. Ozone Healing Clinic, Penrith: Time-bound Prohibition Order. NSW Health Care Complaints Commission, 2025. Regulatory
  43. Resolução CFM n° 2.445, de 21 de agosto de 2025. Conselho Federal de Medicina (Brazil), 2025. Regulatory
  44. Nota Técnica nº 41/2026/SEI/GQUIP/GGTPS/DIRE3/ANVISA. Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (Anvisa), Brazil, 2026. Regulatory
  45. Full-spectrum EBOO Therapy in Lake Oswego, Oregon. Evergreen Factor, 2026. Clinic-stated
  46. EBOO Therapy. in2GREAT (Overland Park, KS), 2026. Clinic-stated
  47. EBOO Therapy (EBO2 service page). Biohackr Health, 2026. Clinic-stated
  48. Extracorporeal Oxygenation & Ozoniation. Advanced IV Health, 2026. Clinic-stated
  49. [The development of extracorporeal therapy of blood with oxygen, UV rays and ozone] (PubMed record, title only). Medizinische Klinik (PubMed), 1960. Peer-reviewed
  50. [The effect of extracorporeal treatment of blood with an ozone-oxygen mixture on lung function of dogs under normal conditions and in disease] (PubMed record, title only). Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny (PubMed), 1995. Peer-reviewed
  51. [Ozone therapy and hemoperfusion in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis] (PubMed record, title only). Problemy Tuberkuleza (PubMed), 1995. Peer-reviewed