Extracorporeal blood oxygenation and ozonation: clinical and biological implications of ozone therapy
Di Paolo N, Gaggiotti E, Galli F. Redox Report, 2005.
- Study type
- Review
- People studied
- No participants of its own (review)
- Published
- 2005, Redox Report
- Identifiers
- PMID 16156950, DOI 10.1179/135100005X38888
What the authors reported
Describes EBOO as run on a high-efficiency apparatus that treats up to 4,800 ml of heparinized blood in 1 h with an oxygen-ozone mixture (0.5-1 microg/ml oxygen), against 250 ml by autohemotherapy, in a standard cycle of 14 one-hour sessions over 7 weeks. The authors report more than 1,200 treatments in 82 patients and state their experience confirms therapeutic potential.
What limits this result
Narrative review from the Siena nephrology and dialysis department, the group behind the EBOO papers in this library. The abstract reports no controlled outcome data, and the clinical statements are the authors' own. Read from the abstract only.
Reports of the procedure as given to patients, and a review of them by its developers. Laboratory and device-development work on the circuit is under background science. One study rarely settles a medical question; our guides weigh each paper against the rest of the evidence.
How the study was done
- Design
- Review
- Setting
- Nephrology and Dialysis Department, University Hospital of Siena, Italy
- Read from
- Read from the abstract only; where this page says nothing about an item, the abstract does not report it. Read on September 28, 2026.
Source: Abstract on PubMed
Procedure as reported
- Ozone concentration
- 0.5-1 microg/ml oxygen, in an oxygen-ozone mixture
makes it possible to treat with a mixture of oxygen-ozone (0.5-1 microg/ml oxygen) in 1 h of extracorporeal circulation up to 4800 ml of heparinized blood
- Blood volume
- Up to 4800 ml of heparinized blood in 1 h of extracorporeal circulation
- Session length
- 1 h per session
The standard therapeutic cycle lasts for 7 weeks in which 14 treatment sessions of 1 h are performed.
- Sessions
- 14 sessions over 7 weeks (the standard therapeutic cycle)
- Anticoagulant
- Heparin (the blood is described as heparinized)
In the paper's own units, not converted.
Source: Abstract on PubMed
What it measured
- EBOO experience reported in the review
- First tested in vitro and then in vivo in sheep and humans: more than 1200 treatments performed in 82 patients
- Blood markers after a session of EBOO
- 4-5-fold increased levels of thiobarbituric acid reactants and a proportional decrease in plasma protein thiols, without any appreciable erythrocyte haemolysis
- Clinical experience with EBOO (authors' statement)
- The authors state the clinical experience so far confirms the great therapeutic potential of EBOO in severe peripheral arterial disease, coronary disease, cholesterol embolism, severe dyslipidemia, Madelung disease, and sudden deafness of vascular origin
Source: Abstract on PubMed
Safety as reported
Treatment of up to 4800 ml of heparinized blood is described as done without technical or clinical problems
Source: Abstract on PubMed
Where we cite this study
Does EBO2 (EBOO) Work? The Evidence, Study by Study
Every study in our EBO2 (EBOO) library in one place: design, size, what was measured and found, its limits, and a check for any study a clinic cites.
EBO2 (EBOO) Therapy Cost in 2026: What US Clinics Publish and What a Quote Leaves Out
What US clinics publish for EBO2 (EBOO): single-session and package prices from our dataset, fees a quote can leave out, and how to check package math.
EBO2 (EBOO) vs 10-Pass Ozone: A Side-by-Side From the Primary Sources
EBO2 (EBOO) and 10-pass ozone compared from the papers that describe them, with the ozone-dose claim split into what was measured and what was assumed.
EBO2 (EBOO) vs Plasmapheresis: What Each Procedure Does to Blood
EBO2 (EBOO) and plasmapheresis side by side from FDA records and apheresis guidelines: what each takes out or adds, how it runs, how it is regulated.
EBO2 (EBOO) Around the World: What Regulators Outside the US Have Said
Is EBO2 (EBOO) approved in Europe or elsewhere? What regulators in Italy, Germany, Brazil, the UK, Canada, and Australia have said, in their own words.
EBO2 (EBOO), Blood Thinners, and Other Medicines: What the Sources Say and What to Ask
How EBOO circuits are kept from clotting, what heparin's FDA label warns, what clinics say about blood thinners, and what no source has studied.
EBO2 (EBOO) vs Dialysis: How Ozone Dialysis Compares With Hemodialysis
EBO2 (EBOO), sold as ozone dialysis, set beside hemodialysis from primary sources: the filter, what flows past it, flow rates, FDA status, and the evidence.
The History of EBO2 (EBOO): A Dated Timeline From Siena to US Clinics
When and where EBO2 (EBOO) began, how it reached US clinics, and how regulators responded, as a dated timeline in which every entry cites its source.
How Many EBO2 (EBOO) Sessions Do You Need? What Clinics Recommend and What Studies Used
How many EBO2 (EBOO) sessions US clinics recommend, from our dataset of clinic pages, set against the course lengths published studies actually used.
Ozone Therapy Adverse Events by Route: What Case Reports Show, and Where EBO2 (EBOO) Fits
Every ozone therapy adverse event we could read in case reports and series, grouped by route, plus how to search FDA's MAUDE data and report to MedWatch.
EBO2 (EBOO) Side Effects and Safety: What Studies, Case Reports, and Regulators Record
What the EBOO studies record about side effects, the harms documented with other ozone procedures, the risks of the circuit, and what regulators have found.
What Is EBO2 (EBOO)? The Procedure, the Evidence, and What Regulators Say
What EBO2 (EBOO) is, step by step from the papers that introduced it, how the US clinic version differs, what regulators say, and what is still unknown.
What Does the EBO2 (EBOO) Filter Actually Remove?
What the EBO2 (EBOO) filter removes: what papers measured, what is theory borrowed from dialysis, what clinics claim, and what a filtrate lab report must show.
What to Expect at an EBO2 (EBOO) Session: A Timeline From Clinic Pages and the Studies
An EBO2 (EBOO) visit stage by stage, from what clinic pages and the published studies say: intake and labs, preparation, the hour on the circuit, aftercare.